Madagascar

350

Arrival of the Austronesian settlers

The first human inhabitants arrived on the island from Southeast Asia, specifically the Malay Archipelago. These ancestors of the modern Malagasy people established early settlements along the coast.

1540

Establishment of the Kingdom of Imerina

The Merina Kingdom was formally founded in the central highlands by King Andriamanelo. It eventually became the dominant political power on the island.

1810

Reign of Radama I

King Radama I modernized the Merina Kingdom and unified much of Madagascar under his rule. He invited European missionaries and established diplomatic ties with Britain.

1895

French military invasion

French forces invaded Madagascar and forced Queen Ranavalona III to accept a protectorate status. This marked the beginning of formal French colonial administration.

1897

Establishment of French Colonial Rule

The French abolished the Merina monarchy and officially declared Madagascar a French colony. The island was integrated into the French colonial empire.

1947

Malagasy Uprising against France

A widespread nationalist rebellion against French colonial rule broke out across the island. The French military suppressed the uprising with significant loss of life.

1960

Independence from France

Madagascar gained its full independence on June 26, 1960. Philibert Tsiranana became the first president of the Malagasy Republic.

1975

Establishment of the Democratic Republic

Didier Ratsiraka took power and declared the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. The nation shifted toward a socialist economic model and aligned with the Eastern Bloc.

2002

Presidential election political crisis

A disputed election between Didier Ratsiraka and Marc Ravalomanana led to a prolonged political standoff and economic blockade. The crisis eventually resulted in a change of leadership.

2009

Political coup and transition

Andry Rajoelina ousted Marc Ravalomanana in a military-backed coup. This led to international sanctions and years of political instability.

2014

Restoration of constitutional order

Hery Rajaonarimampianina was inaugurated as president following democratic elections. This marked the formal end of the transition period that began in 2009.

2023

Re-election of Andry Rajoelina

Andry Rajoelina won the presidential election to secure a second term in office. The election took place amidst significant political polarization and opposition boycotts.