Andorra

6000 BCE

Earliest Neolithic Settlement

Archaeological evidence suggests that humans first occupied the valleys of Andorra during the Neolithic period. These early settlers relied on agriculture and pastoralism in the high Pyrenean environment.

805

Charlemagne Grants Charter

According to tradition, Charlemagne granted the Andorran people a charter in exchange for their assistance in fighting the Moors. This event established the early political status of the valleys.

1278

Signing of the First Pareatges

The First Pareatges established a feudal co-principality between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. This agreement defined the dual-sovereignty structure that remains the foundation of Andorra's political identity.

1419

Creation of the Consell de la Terra

The Consell de la Terra was established as an early form of parliament to represent the interests of the parishes. It provided a framework for local self-governance within the co-principality.

1748

The Manual Digest

Antoni Fiter i Rossell compiled the Manual Digest, a comprehensive text documenting the history, laws, and customs of Andorra. It served as a critical guide for the governance of the valleys for centuries.

1866

The New Reform

The New Reform introduced significant political changes, including the granting of voting rights to heads of households. This marked a shift toward a more modern and representative governance system.

1933

Andorran Crisis and Democracy

A period of social and political unrest led to the temporary occupation of Andorra by French gendarmerie. The crisis resulted in increased demands for suffrage and modernized political structures.

1981

Establishment of the Executive Council

The creation of the Executive Council separated legislative and executive powers for the first time in Andorran history. This step transitioned the country toward a parliamentary model.

1993

Adoption of the Constitution

Andorra adopted a modern democratic constitution that formally defined the country as a parliamentary co-principality. This change solidified the nation's sovereignty and legal independence.

1994

Admission to the United Nations

Andorra became a full member of the United Nations, gaining formal recognition on the international stage. This solidified the state's status as a sovereign entity in global affairs.

2011

Introduction of Personal Income Tax

Andorra implemented a personal income tax to align with international transparency standards. This marked a major economic shift away from its reputation as a tax haven.

2023

Xavier Espot Re-elected as Head of Government

Xavier Espot Zamora secured a second term as Head of Government following parliamentary elections. His administration continued focusing on international integration and economic diversification.